站内搜索
 
你的位置 >> 案例分析
 
 
刑讯逼供到底由谁来证明 
2008-4-30

刑讯逼供到底由谁来证明

 

  随着向法治国家逐步迈进,刑讯逼供的治理也成为近些年来我国刑事司法的热点问题。我国1996年刑事诉讼法第43条明确规定严禁刑讯逼供,最高人民法院和最高人民检察院的相关司法解释对通过刑讯逼供所获取的口供立场也非常鲜明,要求不得将刑讯逼供等非法取得的言词证据作为定案根据,在此基础上形成了我国非法言词证据排除规则。然而,也许我们过于乐观了,甚至以为有了非法言词证据排除规则,刑讯逼供也许就能在一定程度上得到遏制了。其实不然,即使有了非法言词证据排除规则,如果缺乏可操作性,司法实践中仍然难以真正排除刑讯逼供所获取的言词证据,难以真正对侦查讯问人员形成威慑力。

  考究刑讯逼供的缘由,我们也许不应当老套地停留在功利主义、传统法律文化等方面,可以试着换一种更为开阔的视角,从现行制度分析入手。但此时,我们也可能发出一种疑问,为什么在我们的制度已经明确要禁止刑讯逼供等非法取证方法,而且规定了刑讯逼供的程序性法律后果,即排除非法言词证据,甚至在实体上确立了刑讯逼供罪。从制度表层来看,我们的似乎已为遏制刑讯逼供倾尽了努力。然而,在我们满足于现有制度的同时,我们恰恰忽略了,作为一种诉讼中的程序性行为,必须要由当事方提出排除申请,同时要由承担证明责任的一方对刑讯逼供的事实予以证明,这就涉及到证明责任的分配问题。证明责任作为诉讼上的一种风险负担,这种风险所导致的最为不利的法律后果则是诉讼主张得不到法官的支持。也就是说,即使我们在制度上有非法言词证据排除规则,被告人也提出了排除了申请,但一旦刑讯逼供的行为得不到证明,那么非法言词证据排除的申请也就落空,客观上可能纵容刑讯逼供行为。因此,证明责任问题在刑讯逼供的处理上显得尤为重要。

  反观我国的刑事司法实践,刑讯逼供一直是一项顽疾。这是因为,遏制刑讯逼供虽然我们在总的制度层面予以明确的,但是却没有一系列配套的证明规则,尤其是证明责任分担规则。制度不明确,就造成实践中各法院对于被告人提出因遭受刑讯逼供而要求排除非法言词证据的请求认定并不顺利,而对刑讯逼供举证责任分担的做法各行其是,花样百出。尽管目前我国有些地方,如云南、四川等省通过一些地方性法律文件明确要求对刑讯逼供的举证责任应当由控方承担。但实践中占据绝大多数的情况是,法庭往往是抱着一种追诉主义的倾向,认为遭受刑讯逼供的主张是对抗追诉的一种手段,对被告人曾遭受刑讯逼供的辩护意见置之不理,甚至让辩方举出证据证明。这些混乱的证明责任分配的做法损害了法制的统一性,也不利于从制度上遏制刑讯逼供。那么,究竟刑讯逼供到底由谁来证明呢?

  众所周知,诉讼中一般实行“谁主张,谁举证”的证明责任分配规则,是否刑讯逼供的证明也应当遵循呢?证明责任分担确立的原则,不仅仅只是“谁主张,谁举证”,同时在一些特定的情形下,要基于公平原则和价值权衡,有一定的例外。从英美法系到大陆法系国家,我们考察后不难得出结论,对于刑讯逼供行为及证据合法性的证明责任一般由控方承担,实行举证责任倒置。尽管我国立法没有明确规定,但是基于以下原因,刑讯逼供的证明责任也应当由控方来承担。从举证能力及举证的可能性来看,侦查讯问更多地体现为侦查机关对嫌疑人实施的一种单向度的调查行为,嫌疑人只能是被动接受调查,被限制或剥夺人身自由或者其他权利。特别是被告人处于羁押条件下,人身自由受到限制,更不用说调查取证权。

  同时,从制度来看,我国目前侦查讯问时律师在场权未能确立,没有设置同步讯问时录音、录像制度,没有羁押中人身检查制度,这些均给辩方的举证带来了较大的困难。如果要求辩方在提出刑讯逼供存在后还要承担对刑讯逼供事实完全的证明责任,最终的结果往往只能导致刑讯事实陷于真伪不明的状态,由辩方承担不利的诉讼后果。实践中,如果没有发生重大的致人死亡和重伤事件,辩方证明刑讯的存在几乎不可能。何况刑讯者也有了一套技巧,致人痛苦却又不留伤痕,这就更加大了证明难度。辩方所承担的不利后果,则除了排除非法言词证据的主张得不到支持以外,更为致命的是由于刑讯逼供所获取的口供得不到排除,反而被作为有罪证据来认定,这样的错案已经不止几起。由此看来,要求辩方对刑讯逼供承担证明责任并不实际,反将辩方陷于一种更为不利的境地。

  非法言词排除规则对于刑讯逼供者来说无疑釜底抽薪,但是如果证据非法性的证明落空,那么其威慑力也不能充分发挥。客观上举证责任的倒置不仅仅给追诉机关施以压力,必须时刻防范和回应辩方所提出的刑讯逼供的抗辩,同时也给予其动力,即促使侦查机关采取一些自保性的措施,如采取讯问时录音录像、律师在场等制度来防范刑讯逼供的指责。当然,既然此排除刑讯逼供获取的言词证据的主张由辩方提出,辩方也并未不负一点证明责任,至少辩方应当提出初步的表面证据证明刑讯逼供确有发生,如展示伤痕,验伤报告、诊断报告等,但是接下来证明刑讯逼供未曾发生的证明责任则转移到控方承担。

相 关 评 论
>
武 发表评论: ( 2008-8-3 21:13:33 )
    刑讯逼供首先是民事侵权,而对于人身侵权,其归责原则是过错,谁主张,谁举证.欲使刑讯逼供由控方承担举证责任,此需人大常委会以法律形式规定之
>
小苯苯 发表评论: ( 2009-4-29 16:11:18 )
    刑讯逼供是职务犯罪吧
>
好,确实如此 发表评论: ( 2010-10-26 9:27:36 )
    好,确实如此































































































>
Miam 发表评论: ( 2010-10-4 10:35:49 )
    从英美法系到大陆法系国家,我们考察后不难得出结论,对于刑讯逼供行为及证据合法性的证明责任一般由控方承担,实行举证责任倒置。 尽管我国立法没有明确规定,但是基于以下原因,刑讯逼供的证明责任也应当由控方来承担。 从举证能力及举证的可能性来看,侦查讯问更多地体现为侦查机关对嫌疑人实施的一种单向度的调查行为,嫌疑人只能是被动接受调查,被限制或剥夺人身自由或者其他权利。 特别是被告人处于羁押条件下,人身自由受到限制,更不用说调查取证权。
>
发表评论: ( 2010-11-3 13:22:56 )
    现在款式很多,但使用的最为广泛。
女人大多数都是感性的,往往看到漂亮的不管价格如果都会去购买,
尤其是更是抵不住诱惑。
太阳能热水器的是最重要的。和
及是有区别的。,种类有很多,如,
还有及,
对于和还有和是
明确规定的。
一种创意锁如质量很好。就是产生磁场的功能材料。
中的在提倡环保中很受欢迎。
而的品质受到一定好评。
和是有区别的,
上层是人造石,下面实木部分是橡胶木,感觉温暖。而整套都是pvc材料,
摸上去很实在,但是有点冰冷,整体色调也是冷色调,属于冷艳型的。
设计都是简约为主,脚架都是可伸缩。
>
Sheldon Tat 发表评论: ( 2010-12-14 14:09:38 )
   






















>
vchg 发表评论: ( 2010-12-27 12:41:50 )
    我们的业务涵盖:上海办公室装饰设计有限公司·办公室装修设计效果图·办公楼装修设计·办公室装修·是广大客户最佳选择的上海划云办公室装修设计公司·选择推广领域。







0
0
0
469
0





























上海护航
上海按摩

上海按摩
上海女孩

>
vchg 发表评论: ( 2010-12-27 12:43:23 )
    我们的业务涵盖:上海办公室装饰设计有限公司·办公室装修设计效果图·办公楼装修设计·办公室装修·是广大客户最佳选择的上海划云办公室装修设计公司·选择推广领域。







0
0
0
469
0





























上海护航
上海按摩

上海按摩
上海女孩

>
斗破苍穹 发表评论: ( 2011-1-17 17:18:45 )
    是网络小说之最,并且一每天三四十万的搜索量排行百度热门搜索是网络小说的奇迹。被万千书迷期待,超过千万点击搜索排行第一长达近年,如今已经在百度搜索破亿是网络小说之最!
>
ADSF 发表评论: ( 2011-3-27 9:46:10 )
   







































>
dfsdfsfdf 发表评论: ( 2011-4-15 17:34:44 )
   


















>
mbt outlet 发表评论: ( 2011-4-15 18:04:01 )
   





>
designer fashion store 发表评论: ( 2011-4-20 14:29:57 )
    Have you ever dreamed about owning a pair of shoes? Here at our site we help you realize your dream! Our main product categories are: Christian Louboutin Evening, Christian Louboutin Platforms, Christian Louboutin Boots, Christian Louboutin Mary Janes, Christian Louboutin Pumps, , Christian Louboutin Sandals, , we are sure you will find your favorite here. Your satisfaction is our best reward! you will be more beautiful when you wear the . So start to be fashion. offer new-style , , fashion and discount , free shipping for all Christian Louboutin shoes with best quality.

Need to buy , bridesmaid gown, debutante gown or formal wear fast? Have you asked yourself where is the best place to shop online? Reach over 3 million quality brides-to-be and buyers shopping every year. Bridal Dress is home to thousands of brides who buy their every year.

is luxury gifts, the is woman best friend. With , we will make people's dream of luxury come true in a much less expensive price. Join our active , Hermes, Gucci, Chanel, Watches replica designer purse online shop today.

Air combination from nike offers you , for sale, shoes on sale for men and women with the latest style. The combination technology of discount sneakers is quite excellent in superior quality and crafted. Welcome to visit these hot shoes - nike online with free shipping!

Have you been busy in finding the good, practical and gorgeous sneakers for every day wear? may be the best blessing for you if you are the fans of . buy 2011 collections, save up to 60%. Free shipping for all , , , and other . are popular all over the world, If you are Looking for cheap , Discount on sale, Best supplier of , Buy highest quality replica at cheapest price, are good, shopping online.

, Wholesale-To ensure your toes are in heaven, made by are your must-have boots. 50-70% off. Love .

We are focusing on microscope develop and produce. Buy , , , microscopes, and more with free shipping. Lowest price.
>
Tory Burch Shoes 发表评论: ( 2011-4-21 19:32:26 )
   




>
MBT Outlet 发表评论: ( 2011-4-21 19:48:32 )
    p>























>
Louis Vuitton Outlet 发表评论: ( 2011-4-23 18:44:27 )
   






>
Christian Louboutin Shoes 发表评论: ( 2011-4-26 18:43:57 )
   

I think a massive amount of individuals can be worried in regards in the direction of the daily collocation as me, in these times I desire to focus on some views of collocation of decrease price MBT shoes are certainly good for our health, and I wish this could possibly be useful to you, and allow you be alot additional design whenever you place on it, my discussing is as follow:



The most well-liked collocation of decrease price MBT shoes is fixture with skateboard clothing, loose T-shirt or large sizing clothing can be the extremely most excellent companion of casual shoes, which could allow you certainly really feel zero buying and selling price to undertake sports, purchase this basic sort possibly not perfect for everyone, individuals these times whose legs are short would consciously do not try out this collocation, as this could possibly instruction training course that you just merely do not possess a extremely yellow metal point monsters. nevertheless the mbt voi is exceptionally perfect for this kind of collocation requirement.The MBT females Baridi shoes Dove on sale! T-shirt,Discount MBT shoes are usually among the one of the most prevalent path attire in Hong Kong, loose or tight T-shirt and straightforward decrease rider jeans fixture with bright mbt sport, which appears exceptionally straightforward collocation is concealed a massive amount of details. just one with one of the most notable components may maybe be the cooperation of jeans and casual shoes. even although you place inside the snap small pencil type of jeans that's higher to ascertain on borders fold MBT shoes, allow the minimal leg just seated using the borders fold. As completely since the straight canister opt could possibly fixture with higher casual shoes, regardless of you up or decrease the susceptible it could acquire trendy and arbitrary effects.



Can you graphic that MBT Baridi shoes fixture with evening dress? Do not certainly really feel strange, when you can find out a massive amount of most excellent design artist is released this kind of works. The lady flavor dye-in-the-wood snow skirt fixture with pop sort MBT shoes, Bermuda jeans fixture within decrease price MBT shoes, these components which appears have no relation but within collision it appears so harmony.


 


 


 







>
GHD Hair Straighteners 发表评论: ( 2011-4-27 17:54:10 )
    Welcome to our ghd purchase store!We will long-term provide one of the most well-liked MBT Chapa ,MBT M.Walk,MBT actions as well as another mbt shoes!It will make the whole body stroll straightly, increase posture and promote blood vessels blood circulation and increase efficiency, accomplish conditioning breathing, MBT chapa gtx possess a range of color!There are black, red, gray and the like .You can meet with any outfits which you like. We ensure all of options at acceptable prices! basic certainly free shipping! 7-10 times delivery for the door! We will provide you with one of the most beneficial great service!



Physiological MBT Chapa shoes are best great but affordable price,buy now.MBT Chapa shoes are designed by making utilization of the multi-layered,curved sole.MBT chapa shoes preserve your muscle tissue engaged within a purposeful way. MBT shoes can activate neglected muscle tissue and tone and problem the whole body.To purchase one now, it is so safe and extraordinary at any time you are normal walking.



The other stylish of ladies MBT M.Walk are beneficial for walking.It can be beneficial option for you. MBT M.Walk would help individuals all much more compared to entire world direct a more healthy and happier life.Compared using another nearby store or other reseller stores on the internet you can locate that our worth can be the truing lowest!It is not just for wasting the people’s time but in inclusion saving the people’s money. best quality,fast delivery. for all those that are fascinating belonging for the MBT shoes sale, just consider actions immediately!

 


 


 




 









>
louboutinshoes 发表评论: ( 2011-5-10 13:09:07 )
   
 (12)

 (23)

 (148)

 (25)

 (18)

 (89)

 (327)

 (202)

 (8)

 (7)

 (23)

 (22)

 (33)

 (33)

 (52)

 (51)
>
Christian Louboutin 发表评论: ( 2011-5-16 9:31:50 )
   










>
beats by monster 发表评论: ( 2011-5-29 20:06:49 )
    | | | | | | | | | |
>
dede 发表评论: ( 2011-5-3 13:17:35 )
    Wu,you are right





















































































































































>
monster cable 发表评论: ( 2011-5-30 10:44:01 )
    | | | | | | | | |
>
足迹 发表评论: ( 2011-5-4 22:45:03 )
   


>
sdsdsd 发表评论: ( 2011-6-17 9:04:07 )
   
>
huagui 发表评论: ( 2011-7-12 16:30:20 )
    Combining a rich Greek and Roman heritage, the , or , brand has its beginnings in fine jewellery. All that comes from the realms of is unique and the result of a company that strives for perfection in design and materials. Dating back to the 1880’s, have a history of producing sought after designs and are a name renowned for being worn by the super wealthy and famous.
>
huagui 发表评论: ( 2011-7-12 16:32:43 )
    are revolutionary options to normal Discount Christian Louboutin. They take advantage of corrective products constructed in to the Christian that permit the ft and ankles to purpose in an effective manner. These sandals are engineered to provide your foot complete support, to retain organic structure, and also to retain the alignment of your foot as near to neutral as possible. utilizing permits that you lessen pronation, which can be an inward rolling from the ft to facilitate movement. Injuries occur when is as well a lot pronation and also this qualified prospects to issues which include shin splints and knee pain. These sandals have various attributes and features that make them extraordinarily unique.
>
jerty 发表评论: ( 2011-7-14 13:43:18 )
    目前我国现代温室建设重要用玻璃、双层薄膜等作为温室建设的覆盖资料。采取这些资料建造的现代温室主要存在问题是温室的能耗高。碰到冰雹、大雪等自然灾祸时,抵抗自然灾难的才能差,温室自身将受到严重的损坏,温室中种植的作物同时受到很大丧失,薄膜用过后还将造成白色污染。
中国政法大学证据科学研究院 版权所有
地址:北京市海淀区西土城路25号 邮编100088
电话:010-58908029 邮件:[email protected]
您是第 位来客,点击率: