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图书盗版案件中鉴定结论的使用辨析 
2007-8-28

图书盗版案件中鉴定结论的使用辨析

 

王兰萍      

 



  随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的逐步确立,21世纪知识经济的挑战,国家依法保护精神产品力度的加强,司法机关受理的盗版犯罪(属侵犯著作权犯罪)的案件呈上升趋势。在立法机关及最高人民法院加紧此方面立法和司法解释的同时,刑事诉讼中如何运用证据认定此类犯罪,才能建立在客观公正的基础之上?图书盗版的鉴定便是其中之一。因为司法实践中该鉴定主体不尽统一,证明的效力大小就不一致,影响到证据的充分确凿,给定罪带来一些负面影响。因此,依法弄清该鉴定结论的要求,区分鉴定结论与证人证言,尤其是专家证言,包括出版社与有关部门的证明,摆脱实践中的误区,使该罪的认定建立在一个客观现实的证据之上,仍是一个值得探讨的问题。
  刑事诉讼法第119条规定:“为了查明案情,需要解决案件中某些专门问题的时候,应当指派或聘请有专门知识的人进行鉴定。”第120条规定:“鉴定人进行鉴定后,应当写出鉴定结论,并签名。鉴定结论是刑事诉讼法规定的证据之一,在查明犯罪事实,认定犯罪中起着重要的作用。鉴定在刑事诉讼过程中是一项诉讼活动,它有如下特点:
  第一,鉴定人必须具有解决案件中某个问题的专门知识和技能。如果鉴定人不具备这方面的专门科技水平,就不能达到鉴定的预期目的,甚至发生错误,导致错案。因此,公安机关、检察机关和法院不能指派或聘请不具备该项专门知识的人进行鉴定。鉴定人必须能公正地作出鉴定结论,如果有刑事诉讼法第28条规定的情形之一的,应当自行回避或当事人及其法定代理人要求回避。
  第二,鉴定人必须是自然入。国家机关、社会团体、企事业单位、医院、科研部门均不得担任鉴定人。鉴定结论只加盖公章,没有鉴定人个人签名就不具有法律效力。鉴定结论作为法定证据其法律后果由个人负责,如果有意做虚假鉴定要追究法律责任。因此,国家机关、社会团体、企事业单位、医院、科研部门不能以单位名义出具鉴定结论。
  第三,鉴定人是由公安机关、检察机关或法院指派或聘请的,同本案没有利害关系的人。因此,当事人无权自行聘请鉴定人鉴定。根据刑事诉讼法第121条的规定:“侦查机关应当将用作证据的鉴定结论告知犯罪嫌疑人、被害人。如果犯罪嫌疑人、被害人提出申请,可以补充鉴定或重新鉴定”。据此,当事人认为需要鉴定、重新鉴定或补充鉴定时,有权向公安机关、检察机关或法院提出申请,是否鉴定由公安机关、检察机关和人民法院决定。
  第四.鉴定人在刑事诉讼中承担一定义务、享受一定权利。鉴定人的义务是:鉴定人接到鉴定通知后,应当根据要求按时作出鉴定,并签名以示对鉴定结论负责;没有正当理由不得拒绝鉴定;故意做虚假鉴定要负法律责任;接到法院通知后必须按时出庭,回答审判员、公诉人、当事人、辩护人的询问。鉴定人的权利有:要求提供和了解鉴定需要的材料;必要时可以参加勘验和检查;有几个鉴定人时,鉴定结论应当反映鉴定人的共同意见,不同意见要写在鉴定结论中。
  第五.鉴定结论是鉴定人根据公安机关、检察机关、人民法院的要求.对案件中某个专门问题进行鉴定后提出的书面意见,它是证据种类之一。对鉴定结论应要求:1,鉴定人对案件要解决的专门问题经过鉴定后作出客观正确的结论;2,鉴定结论只能就某些专门知识性问题作出回答,不能回答法律性问题,如是否犯罪、犯何罪、量刑如何等,这些结论应当由检察机关、法院做出。鉴定结论只能就犯罪的方法或手段等客观情况作出结论。
  第六.鉴定程序:公安机关、检察机关或人民法院派员持公函同受理单位和鉴定人联系,向其介绍案情,提出鉴定要来.送交鉴定材料、物品。鉴定人根据鉴定要求,现有的技术设备和水平决定是否接受鉴定委托。鉴定人接受委托后,公安机关、检察机关或法院应当正式出具聘请鉴定书或委托鉴定书,应写明:1,聘请机关及案由;2,被聘请的单位名称和鉴定人姓名;3,鉴定要解决的问题和完成时间;4,为鉴定提供的材料名称和数量。鉴定作出后应写出书面鉴定结论。鉴定结论的内容应包括:1,收验时间、送验单位和送验人;2,送验材料名称、种类和数量;3,要求鉴定解决的问题;4,鉴定的方法,论证的根据和原理;5,鉴定的结论;6,完成时间及鉴定人签名。
  综上所述,鉴定是一种诉讼活动,鉴定结论是一种法定证据,它应符合刑事诉讼法的要求,在鉴定人的选择、鉴定结论的内容和鉴定程序等方面严格按照规定。只有这样才能使鉴定结论建立在合法、客观、现实的证据之上,才能保障其证明力。
  图书盗版的鉴定,其任务是确定图书归属,确定是否是“盗版”书?属鉴定结论种类中的问一性鉴定。图书盗版是一种专业性很强的犯罪,涉及出版业的一些专门知识,一般非业内人士所知,传统的司法物证鉴定部门要完成此种鉴定有困难。在以往司法实践中曾以两种单位的有关人员作为鉴定人,出具鉴定结论,作为法庭证据,但其中似有一些不妥之处。
  一种是被“盗版”的正版出版社或其下设的出版部有关人员为鉴定人。这种情况下鉴定注重正版书的特征,用正版与“盗版”比较得出结论:是正版还是“盗版”。每个出版社的图书有其独特之处,一般只有该出版社的出版部人员最明了,他们往往一眼就能辨出是正版还是“盗版”。因为,正版图书的用料,包括正文用纸、内封或环衬用纸、封面用纸或其他用料是国产的还是进口的?是字典纸还是胶印书刊纸?是铜板纸还是胶版纸?是凸版纸还是荷兰版纸?是多少克纸?多少克科?书有无堵头?墙头是何种颜色?图书的装订方式是胶订联动装订还是人工素线装订?图书是否含防伪水印?水印是否真实?等等,只有正版图书的出版部人员了如指掌。所以由他们鉴别正版与“盗版”最直接便当。但是,被“盗版”的出版社是此类案件的利害关系人,由他们做鉴定不符合鉴定结论的法定条件。例如,曾有个法院审理“盗版”案,使用了正版出版社的鉴定,引起了一些非议。原因就在正版出版社是利害关系人,不能充当鉴定人。
  另一种鉴定结论,是国家新闻出版行政管理机关出具的出版物鉴定书,在司法实践中普遍当鉴定结论使用。这之中的理由是,似乎盖有国家机关红章的一纸函件就加强了其证明的效力。其实鉴定书是作为鉴定结论而不是一般的证明,只要符合法定条件,鉴定人署名,无需加盖公章也具有证明力。新闻出版行政管理机关是出版行业的管理者,其法律地位是国家机关,刑事诉讼法对鉴定人的资格要求是排除国家机关的。作为管理机关从行政法意义上说国家机关有权力对“盗版”是否违法作出结论,并令违法者承担行政法律责任,但在刑事诉讼中是否一样有权制作鉴定结论呢?回答是否定的,即便是个考虑国家机关个能为鉴定人,新闻出版行政管理机关出具鉴定结论也不符合刑事诉讼法有关回避的规定。例如,给“署直”出版社出具鉴定结论,因为“署直”出版社虽然独立核算,但是一些重大事项还是归于新闻出版行政管理机关,这就不能不说存在利害关系,以利害关系人为鉴定会人难免让人非议,同样也是程序违法,这与上面提到的把正版出版计的盗版认定,当作鉴定结论使用犯了共同的错误。新闻出版行政管理机关是出版业的主管部门,掌握出版业的各个方面、环节的信息、情况,出版业的行业标准由它规范,各种出版行政法规由它制定并监督实施,更有权处理行政违法,在国家还没有出版物物证鉴定的专门机构时,由它鉴定似乎是再合适不过了,但是在考虑鉴定能力的同时切不可违反国家的基本法,刑事诉讼法对鉴定人的资格有明确规定,属于回避情况的必须回避,否则鉴定结论因程序违法而失去证据的证明效力。所以,司法机关委托新闻出版行政管理机关向法庭提交鉴定结论个当,按严格的法律审判程序应在二审时发回重审。
  寻求一个既考虑鉴定能力又合乎法律规定,还能解决盗版案件刑事诉讼中鉴定问题。我认为:可否在新闻出版行政管理机关中附设一个出版物物证鉴定中心,受理司法机关提交委托鉴定“盗版”物证,以该中心某个或某几个鉴定人的名义出具鉴定结论,如果加盖公章也应该是该盗版物证鉴定中心的公章而不应是新闻出版行政管理机关的公章。盗版物物证鉴定既可以满足司法机关审理盗版犯罪案件对证据的要求,又避免违背国家机关作为鉴定人的禁令,所以,它是解决一般物证鉴定中心没有能力受理“盗版”物证鉴定的一种及时、有效的办法。
  综上所述,对目前司法实践中盗版犯罪刑事诉讼证据鉴定结论的两种误区:一是要摆正出版社作为证人的诉讼地位,个可以其证言(专家证言)充当鉴定结论使用。二是应摆正新闻出版行政管理机关的地位,限制国家机关充当鉴定入,使鉴定结论的运用符合法定程序和条件。这些对规范盗版犯罪刑事证据具有现实的意义。   

【作者介绍】商务印书馆著作室

文章来源:中国法律信息网  

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