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北京探索“关键证人”出庭作证机制 
2009-6-12
龙平川 李晓娟

检察日报

    由于曹春华在公安机关的11次讯问及西城区检察院的提讯过程中坚决否认犯罪事实,西城区检察院说服2名关键证人出庭作证,与曹春华当庭对质,核实具体细节,将其所有犯罪事实清晰呈现。最终,法庭对检察机关指控曹春华的全部犯罪事实予以采纳。

  北京探索“关键证人”出庭作证机制

  关键证人出庭作证有利于对犯罪的惩罚,也利于保障被告人的权利。

  北京市西城区检察院关于“关键证人”的界定对于查明案件中存在争议的关键问题能够起到帮助、证明作用的重要证人,主要包括在被告人拒不认罪的情况下,能够证实其犯罪与否、罪轻罪重的证人;被告人及其辩护人与检察机关就定罪量刑情节存在争议的情况下,影响罪名认定、量刑情节的证人;证人提供多份证言但内容存在矛盾的主要证人;对侦查、起诉过程中形成的笔录、鉴定结论提出异议的情况下,需要出庭质证的侦查人员、鉴定人员等。

  关键证人出庭作证,有利于查明事实真相,确保刑事案件证据审查的准确性,同时也有利于保障刑事被告人的辩护权。但在司法实践中,由于主观或客观原因,证人愿意出庭作证的少之又少,成为长期困扰刑事诉讼程序正当、顺利进行的问题。为了破解这一难题,北京市检察机关进行了一系列积极探索。

  2008年初,西城区检察院成为北京市检察机关进行关键证人出庭作证的试点单位,截至目前,已有12起疑难复杂案件实行了关键证人出庭辅佐诉讼,23名关键证人在法庭上的证言对法庭论辩和判决产生了重大影响。在已经判决的6起案件中,法院均采纳了检察机关的公诉意见。

  关键证人出庭提高诉讼效率

  2009年3月5日,北京市第一中级法院终审裁定驳回曹骥上诉,维持西城区法院一审判决:曹骥犯诈骗罪被判处有期徒刑十年,剥夺政治权利一年,并处罚金人民币1万元。

  “案件在侦查、审查起诉阶段及法院一审和二审期间,曹骥均拒不认罪。是关键证人出庭作证制度帮了大忙。”回忆起这件棘手的案件,西城区检察院的办案检察官记忆犹新。案件在一审过程中,西城区检察院办案检察官说服8名证人出庭作证,与被告人曹骥当庭对质;二审中,其中2名证人再次出庭作证,另6名证人也提供了证人证言。尽管没有被告人的口供,但西城区检察院通过向法院提供证人证言、书证、鉴定结论等证据,依旧将此案办成了“铁案”。

  “关键证人出庭作证与公诉人宣读证人证言,效果截然不同!”这已是西城区检察院公诉处检察官的共识。

  去年4月,北京首例“原始股升值案”在西城区法院开庭审理。据检察机关指控,北京美中融投资顾问(北京)有限公司原法定代表人王永伟和总经理侯艳梅利用传销方式,代理转让“金园汽车”未上市股权(即所谓“原始股”),致使300多名股民上当,涉案金额上千万元。

  为了让这起案件更加直观地还原在法庭上,公诉人采取了多媒体示证和多名关键证人出庭作证的方式。最终,法院认定美中融投资顾问(北京)有限公司非法经营,处罚金1400万元;王永伟与侯艳梅因非法经营罪分别被判处有期徒刑六年,处罚金40万元,并继续追缴赃款。

  2008年10月16日,西城区法院开庭审理曹春华诈骗案。开庭当天,西城区人大代表、香港公务员代表及香港中文大学学生等共40余人参加了旁听。这是一起由航空公司电子机票销售漏洞引发的典型刑事案件,被告人曹春华在7个月的时间里,以出售打折机票为由,采取先预订电子机票再将机票退掉的手段,诈骗人民币共计2.9万元。

  证人当庭对质弥补书证不足

  关键证人出庭作证可以弥补案件调查书证的不足。起诉黄彦涛诈骗案就是一起最为典型的案例。

  深谙法律的黄彦涛,在案件侦查和审查起诉阶段均拒不供认自己的犯罪事实。此案在侦查阶段涉及犯罪金额40.5万元,其中有书证佐证的仅为9万元,大部分涉案金额均通过证人证言、被害人陈述反映。证人、被害人的证词真实性和可信度,在缺乏其他证据印证的情况下能否被法庭采信,是对被告人定罪量刑的关键。

  为了保证诉讼的顺利进行,西城区检察院检察官说服6名关键证人出庭作证。证人在法庭上对被告人实施犯罪过程进行了详细描述,回答了辩护律师的各种提问,被告人的狡辩被一一驳倒,对公诉人在法庭上揭示、指控犯罪起到了积极作用。

  关键证人包括鉴定人出庭,不仅弥补了书面证据无法对质的缺陷,还避免了因缺少关键证据反复退补现象的发生。“证人不出庭表面上看是节省了法院的审理时间,但可能影响法庭对案件事实的审查,可能蕴含着更大的纠错成本,包括因为误判导致司法不公造成的对社会影响恢复的成本,还有因为频繁的程序回复增加的诉讼成本。”西城区检察院公诉二处检察官林剑告诉记者。

  控辩双方证人补偿平等对待

  “关键证人出庭作证有利于对犯罪的惩罚,也利于保障被告人的权利。”

  “控辩平衡原则”是西城区检察院执行关键证人出庭作证的原则之一。“这一原则要求检察机关既要做好对证明被告人有罪、罪重的关键证人的出庭动员工作,还要开展好对有利于被告人的证人的出庭动员工作。对于被告人需要邀请关键证人出庭的,检察机关应予以协助,目的是为了努力保证控辩双方庭审权利的平衡。”林剑如是说。

  林剑指出,刑事诉讼法中并未对证人的出庭作证义务给予明确规定,实践中,证人因出庭作证所产生的费用、安全顾虑、工作保障、人际关系等诸多原因,不愿甚至不敢出庭作证。为保证关键证人出庭作证制度的贯彻实施,西城区检察院推出了关键证人出庭作证补偿制度相关管理办法。

  该办法对出庭作证的关键证人获取经济补偿设定了详细且具有可操作性的申请、核准、支付程序。经济补偿金的支付采取“事后支付为主,先行支付为辅”的原则,范围涵盖交通费、食宿费及误工费,且依据证人所处地理位置不同予以细化。

  证人出庭保障措施需要各方积极配合

  针对西城区检察院推行的关键证人出庭作证制度,记者采访了中国政法大学刑事司法学院教授洪道德。洪道德告诉记者,由于证人不出庭作证,法官无法直接听取证人对案情的陈述;控方、辩方、审判方也不能当面对证人质证,不利于法院查明案情,正确适用法律、审判案件,有违刑事审判过程中应当贯彻的言词原则、直接原则、传闻证据排除规则等。西城区检察院为解决“证人出庭作证难”的问题所作的实践探索和理论总结,为基层刑事司法工作积累了宝贵经验、开拓了工作思路。该院在推动证人出庭作证过程中,以“关键证人”出庭为突破口,既排除要求所有案件相关证人全部出庭的非现实性,又考虑到案件性质及诉讼成本的必要性,从而增加了对查明案件真相确有关键作用的证人出庭的可能。由于刑事诉讼法没有对证人出庭作证义务作强制性规定,西城区检察院从保障出庭证人权利的角度促使证人自愿出庭的做法,反映出检察机关平和的自我定位,以及在现有法律框架下积极解决诉讼工作难题的良好意识,对公民作证法律意识的提高有重要的现实意义。

  洪道德指出,补偿证人因出庭作证所消耗的费用只是保障出庭证人权利很小的一部分,证人的人身安全、财产安全、工作岗位的保障等重大利益保护应当进一步加强及细化,要落实证人保障措施,推动刑事审判过程中证人出庭作证,需要检察、法院、司法行政系统的联合行动,并从法律的层面予以确定。

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