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司法文明指数是一种法治评估工具 |
2015-5-1 |
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来源:证据科学微信平台证据科学
司法文明是法治文明的重要组成部分和基本标志。党的十八届四中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》(下称《决定》)把“保证公正司法,提高司法公信力”作为全面推进依法治国的六大任务之一,提出“公正是法治的生命线。司法公正对社会公正具有重要引领作用,司法不公对社会公正具有致命破坏作用”。因此,司法文明传承创新是全面推进依法治国的一项重大战略任务,也是一项复杂的社会系统工程。
当下,采取何种方式如实反映司法领域各种因素的变化,是学界和实务界关注的重大课题。目前我国一些地方已开展了法治评估,如四川法治指数、昆明法治指数、余杭法治指数等,无疑为法治建设积累了一定经验。但是,这些法治评估都存在评估主体缺乏中立性或评估指标缺乏普适性的问题。考虑到上述省份或城市不是国家,客观上存在法治要素不全的问题,要进行法治整体评估有难以克服的困难,因此,选取法治指数的若干一级指标进行专项评估,如司法文明等,或许是一个值得探索的可行途径。
“司法文明指数”,是“2011计划”司法文明协同创新中心开发的一种法治评估工具。司法文明指数试图通过对全国各地司法文明状况进行实地动态监测,从普通人的视角,调查和评估可能影响人民群众日常生活的司法文明状况。
司法文明指数的设置,和一般用于对复杂的社会现象进行整体评价的指数一样,要作为一种有效的评价工具,其具有复合测量的特性。司法文明指数由4个领域(司法制度、司法运作、司法主体和司法文化)、10个维度(一级指标)、50个命题(二级指标)构成指标体系。其评估方法主要采用如下几种:第一,它是公众对司法的一种满意度评价,采取主观评价与客观评价相结合的方法。主观指标和客观指标的比例为9:1。当然,被调查者的主观感受是否可靠?这是一个值得学术界和实务界深入研究的问题。根据《决定》精神,我认为,人民群众的满意度评价是衡量“司法公信力”的最高标准。司法文明一定是人民群众可以认知和感受的东西,而不是虚无缥缈、不可捉摸的。第二,问卷调查方法。调查样本既包括普通民众,也包括公检法人员、律师等法律职业群体。《中国司法文明指数报告2014》共有9个省、直辖市7200多人参与了司法文明指数普通人群和职业群体的调查。第三,调查问卷整理和数据统计分析。2014年的指数报告工作由专业的调查公司完成,建立数据库并进行问卷录入,对数据进行了主成分分析和信度分析。
司法文明指数通过对全国各省、自治区、直辖市司法实践的实际测量,旨在发挥如下作用:第一,为法治建设提供一种量化评估工具。第二,为司法文明建设提供一面“镜子”。通过“司法文明指数”的地区排名,可以反映各地司法文明建设的强项和弱项,可以为各地司法文明建设具体方案的出台提供实证数据。当然,在强调该指数上述作用的同时,亦强调其功能的有限性,并没有为各地如何进行司法文明建设提供一个完整的诊断或现成的“药方”。第三,可以体现人民群众对司法工作的满意程度。司法文明指数综合了普通民众和法律职业群体严谨的答卷意见,调查反映了被调查者对本地司法现状的亲身感受。第四,描述随时间变化的司法文明进步轨迹。司法文明指数通过一定周期的记录比较,可以描述各省、自治区、直辖市司法文明建设的进步轨迹。
司法文明指数无论是在司法文明体系设计方面,还是在指数调查等方面,都带有探索和试验的性质,其成熟和完善的空间很大,需要不断改进和完善指标体系和评价方法,使其成为一种更加成熟的法治量化评估工具。诚如一些学者所提及的,“在我们探索、实践法治指数的过程中,最为核心和艰难的任务就是加强对世界法治文明的发展规律与真实境况的研究,加强对中国政治文化传统和法律文化传统的真切研究”,司法文明指数可以为学术界探索司法文明的理论和实际问题提供实证研究方面的条件,亦是加强对我国司法文明发展规律与真实境况研究的一个重要方式。
(作者为中国政法大学副校长、教授)
链接
司法文明指数10个一级指标包括:(1)司法相关权力,包括侦查权、公诉权、审判权、执行权等。(2)当事人诉讼权利。包括:知情权、陈述权、辩护辩论权、申请权、申诉权的制度保障;保障当事人诉权;解决执行难的问题,依法保障胜诉当事人及时实现权益;完善对涉及公民人身、财产权益的行政强制措施实行司法监督制度。(3)至(5)分别是民事司法程序、刑事司法程序、行政司法程序,主要测量三大诉讼法的实施情况,维护司法的公正性和效率等价值。(6)证据制度。(7)职业伦理与腐败遏制。(8)司法公开与公信力。(9)法律职业化及其保障。法律职业化包括职业准入、职业训练和职业保障等方面。(10)司法文化。包括司法机关的法律文化和人民群众的法律文化,例如,公众参与司法的态度、诉诸司法的意识和程度,公众对司法裁判的接受程度,公众对现代刑罚理念的接受程度,公众接受普法教育的程度,媒体对司法的监督与干预等等。
在一级指标之下,司法文明指数细化为50个二级指标.
转自证据科学微信平台 |
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“Something that Nelly Trotter” (Trotting Nelly, as the company called her) “brought from a sketching gentleman that lives at the woman’s” (thus bluntly did the upstart minx describe the reverend Mrs. Margaret Dods) “at the Cleikum of Aultoun yonder”— A name, by the way, which the inn had acquired from the use which the saint upon the sign-post was making of his pastoral crook.
“Indeed, Dinah?” said Mr. Winterblossom, gravely taking out his spectacles, and wiping them before he opened the roll of paper; “some boy’s daubing, I suppose, whose pa and ma wish to get him into the Trustees’ School, and so are beating about for a little interest. — But I am drained dry — I put three lads in last season; and if it had not been my particular interest with the secretary, who asks my opinion now and then, I could not have managed it. But giff-gaff, say I. — Eh! What, in the devil’s name, is this? — Here is both force and keeping — Who can this be, my lady? — Do but see the sky-line — why, this is really a little bit — an exquisite little bit — Who the devil can it be? and how can he have stumbled upon the dog-hole in the Old Town, and the snarling b —— I beg your ladyship ten thousand pardons — that kennels there?”
“I dare say, my lady,” said a little miss of fourteen, her eyes growing rounder and rounder, and her cheeks redder and redder, as she found herself speaking, and so many folks listening —“O la! I dare say it is the same gentleman we met one day in the Low-wood walk, that looked like a gentleman, and yet was none of the company, and that you said was a handsome man.”
“I did not say handsome, Maria,” replied her ladyship; “ladies never say men are handsome — I only said he looked genteel and interesting.”
“And that, my lady,” said the young parson, bowing and smiling, “is, I will be judged by the company, the more flattering compliment of the two — We shall be jealous of this Unknown presently.”
“Nay, but,” continued the sweetly communicative Maria, with some real and some assumed simplicity, “your ladyship forgets — for you said presently after, you were sure he was no gentleman, for he did not run after you with your glove which you had dropped — and so I went back myself to find your ladyship’s glove, and he never offered to help me, and I saw him closer than your ladyship did, and I am sure he is handsome, though he is not very civil.”
“You speak a little too much and too loud, miss,” said Lady Penelope, a natural blush reinforcing the nuance of rouge by which it was usually superseded.
“What say you to that, Squire Mowbray?” said the elegant Sir Bingo Binks.
“A fair challenge to the field, Sir Bingo,” answered the squire; “when a lady throws down the gauntlet, a gentleman may throw the handkerchief.” |
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qiuml20150810 发表评论: ( 2015-8-11 9:34:35 )
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qiuml20150807 发表评论: ( 2015-8-7 9:52:34 )
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