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最高检司法部司法鉴定机构签订合作协议 |
2014-9-29 |
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时间:2014-09-29 来源: 法制日报——法制网
法制网讯 记者蒋皓 9月23日,最高人民检察院检察技术信息研究中心与司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所合作框架协议签约仪式在京举行。两大国家级司法鉴定机构从即日起将展开全方位战略合作。
最高检检察长曹建明在仪式开始前会见了司法部司法鉴定管理局和司法鉴定科学技术研究所有关人员。最高检副检察长李如林出席签约仪式并讲话。
李如林说,司法鉴定制度是我国司法制度的重要组成部分,科学、规范、权威的司法鉴定对于促进司法公正、实现公平正义具有不可替代的重要作用。最高检和司法部司法鉴定机构均是十大国家级司法鉴定机构之一,双方在司法鉴定实践中都取得过显著成绩,这次强强联合,对于提升司法鉴定“国家队”整体实力、推动司法鉴定规范化科学化建设等具有重要意义。
李如林强调,随着依法治国方略的深入实施和法治中国建设的全面推进,司法鉴定工作在司法公正中的作用越来越大,任务越来越艰巨。如何建立更加科学规范公正的司法鉴定制度,是摆在我们面前的重大课题。最高检和司法部开展司法鉴定领域的战略合作,通过双方建立办案、科研、培训等领域全方位、多层次、可持续发展的合作关系,能够提高队伍的整体素质,实现资源优化整合,形成双方的互利共赢。希望双方借助这个合作平台,携起手来,真诚合作,为司法的公正文明和社会公平正义作出积极贡献。
根据协议,双方将在重大疑难复杂案件鉴定、技术培训、设备研发、能力验证、技术规范标准方法制定、大型仪器共享、信息资料共享、人员交流、分支机构建设等方面相互支持,密切合作。
转载自法制网 |
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leen 发表评论: ( 2014-10-21 23:46:55 )
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如果有一天 发表评论: ( 2014-10-4 10:14:09 )
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在山的那边,海的那边住着一群蓝精灵,好吧,我其实是的,我不想知道你是什么想法。只能说我们这里服务很好啊。好处多多。 |
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新世纪 发表评论: ( 2014-10-4 10:39:16 )
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今天我买了一个好高兴,现在是下午,晚上再找个做设计的聊聊天,真是每好的一天,哇哈哈。 3 |
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新世纪 发表评论: ( 2014-10-4 10:46:01 )
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firefox是很好用的,关于关于更多的知识,别找我,我不知道。 |
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mbt sko 发表评论: ( 2014-11-12 11:19:46 )
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Casa verde deja el agua en la maravilla azul por lo general no está muy familiarizado con la familia verde ahora se encontró con sus propios saludos afectuosos, agua azul también respondió con una sonrisa. "El agua verde de nuevo, llegó a casa ahora!" Qinghai parece querer salir del camino y pidió ver a la intimidad y Tsing Yi después de que el agua azul, agua verde, no el tiempo suficiente para hablar. "Vuelve Bueno, tu madre todos los días es un día de parada en la puerta, ya casi un mes, volvimos a tomar con tu madre!" Tener Qinghai directa abandonan, no se ven en Tsing Yi bloqueado guiño. "Madre," Agua Verde gritó para saber lo que no hizo. El agua verde en los corazones Niangqin saber lo importante que es su propio, pero ella había dejado a sí mismo fuera de la experiencia, pero ella debe hablar mucho corazón, cuánto por el temor de sus labios no dicen, en voz baja le hizo una persona en el oso . Uno llegará a pertenecer a la de Tsing Yi y agua azul en vivo en un pequeño patio, un agua azul en la sala se llevó el cuerpo de la carga, creo que la carga es de ocho frutas poder. "Madre, tengo accidentalmente un par de cosas buenas." Entonces la carga se abrirá brillante fuerza del agua azul agradable fruta sacó. "La rebelión de la potencia de fuego de la fruta!" Exclamó Yi! El agua verde es, naturalmente, muy sorprendido, no esperaba algo púrpura paraíso, y se suministra cuando se desconecte la alimentación de la fruta parece entender realmente cómo Niangqin, pero simplemente estaba salvando su propia interpretación. "Madre, tú sabes que esta fruta!" Dijo el agua azul también sorprendió no fingir sorpresa, de hecho, la propia agua azul ha sido muy inesperado. "Este es un siglo de fuego si, y solamente en aquellos años de la zona de fuego volcánico de crecer un cultivo de cien años, cada fruta puede aumentar la fuerza de 500 libras de una persona, y puede transformar la mirada del cuerpo de las personas, este tipo de cosas es las condiciones de crecimiento muy duras, ! Así excepciones raras, no está mezclando medicamentos pueden ser utilizados, la calidad puede ser considerado como clase valiosa ", dijo Yi feliz. Toques de eficacia y agua azul sabían casi, pero no del mismo nombre, pero el nombre es una más de una, el agua azul vulgar, sentir el poder de la fruta llamada bastante vulgar, no creo que esta un "fruto poder de fuego del siglo," el nombre no es mucho mejor allí. "Es una pena!" "Por desgracia, qué?" Agua verde para ver el poder de Tsing Yi parecía realmente lo siento después de mirarse. "Por desgracia, la vida de todo el mundo sólo puede tomar dos, u ochocientos poder de fuego si también le permite poder disparado! "Madre, que creo que es el fruto común de la misma, por lo que comer dos, me siento mucho esfuerzo aumenta, saber esto es probablemente una buena cosa, por lo que los puso a recuperarla, ya que se puede aumentar el esfuerzo para cambiar la constitución, madre, usted rápidamente comer dos ". Tsing Yi empezó a comer qué decir después podría aplicar la retención, en la determinación del agua azul después de comer por lo menos dos de agua Tsing Yi verde ya no se ven obligados a tomar la fruta de energía. "Comer dos bares, que no es bueno con un golpe de suerte, decir con el tiempo para ir a donde la eliminación Bueno, yo sé la ubicación, muy aisladas, la mayoría de las personas simplemente no pueden encontrar!" Agua Verde encontró ahora yacen más . Una mentira a menudo usan el horizonte de cien mentiras para Yuanhuang! Por último, ser agua bajo dosis persuasión azul de dos para dar la fuerza de muy pesado, lo que hace que el agua azul comenzó a dudar de ti mismo por qué los dos primeros habrá fuerza muy pesado, pero todavía no hay respuesta! Por último, los cuatro restantes poder Tsing Yi fruto de distancia, a continuación, llegar a unas cuantas piezas de ropa, son Barry Town satén, incluso horizontes de agua verdes también son muy bonitos, el agua azul debe saber que estos son puntada Niangqin cosido! Debido a pequeñas a grandes, todas las prendas son el agua verde de Tsing Yi hacer! "No se puede montar juntos para darle una oportunidad!", Dijo Yi feliz! Tsing Yi ayudó agua azul el uso de ropa de color púrpura de satén hechas a la perfección, nadie siquiera agua azul de Tsing Yi sí mismo no entendieron cómo usar su propia ropa, zapatos, "O mi hijo guapo!" Yi miró el agua que llevaba ropa azul sonríe, una sonrisa en su rostro muy santo en Tsing Yi, el agua azul y miró en ese momento la joven y bella madre más feliz. La maternidad sin límites! |
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guoguo 发表评论: ( 2014-11-13 10:21:35 )
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guoguo 发表评论: ( 2014-11-13 10:24:50 )
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huali12 发表评论: ( 2014-11-17 16:06:08 )
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huali12 发表评论: ( 2014-11-17 16:08:25 )
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Louis Vuitton 发表评论: ( 2014-11-27 15:07:00 )
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Have you thought about what you want people to say about you after you're gone? Can you hear the voice saying, "He was a great man." Or "She really will be missed." What else do they say? One of the strangest phenomena of life is to engage in a work that will last long after death. Isn't that a lot like investing all your money so that future generations can bare interest on it? Perhaps, yet if you look deep in your own heart, you'll find something drives you to make this kind of contribution -- something drives every human being to find a purpose that lives on after death. Do you hope to memorialize your name? Have a name that is whispered with reverent?????ϵģ? awe? Do you hope to have your face carved upon 50 ft of granite???????ң? rock? Is the answer really that simple? Is the purpose of lifetime contribution an ego-driven desire for a mortal being to have an immortal name or is it something more? A child alive today will die tomorrow. A baby that had the potential to be the next Einstein will die from complication is at birth. The circumstances of life are not set in stone. We are not all meant to live life through to old age. We've grown to perceive life3 as a full cycle with a certain number of years in between. If all of those years aren't lived out, it's a tragedy. A tragedy because a human's potential was never realized. A tragedy because a spark was snuffed out before it ever became a flame. By virtue of inhabiting a body we accept these risks. We expose our mortal flesh to the laws of the physical environment around us. The trade off isn't so bad when you think about it. The problem comes when we construct mortal fantasies of what life should be like. When life doesn't conform to our fantasy we grow upset, frustrated, or depressed. We are alive; let us live. We have the ability to experience; let us experience. We have the ability to learn; let us learn. The meaning of life can be grasped in a moment. A moment so brief it often evades our perception. What meaning stands behind the dramatic unfolding of life? What single truth can we grasp and hang onto for dear life when all other truths around us seem to fade with time? These moments are strung together in a series we call events. These events are strung together in a series we call life. When we seize the moment and bend it according to our will, a will driven by the spirit deep inside us, then we have discovered the meaning of life, a meaning for us that shall go on long after we depart this Earth. related links: [lichengbin1127] |
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tim 发表评论: ( 2014-11-28 18:09:21 )
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Michael Kors outlet 发表评论: ( 2014-11-6 9:57:34 )
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ihren Freunden. "Nun, lassen Sie uns ??ber das Land geschnitten, um Abel ," schlug Brent . "Wir k?nnen durch Herrn O'Hara'sriver unten und der Fontaine Weide gehen und sich dort in k??rzester Verletzung der Gastfreundschaft, und Scarlett f??hlte , dass sie nicht endureprating ??ber eine solche Kleinigkeit , wenn ihr das Herz brechen . Da stand sie , z?gerlich wonderingwhere sie Tara und der letzten Ton des flyinghooves hatte sich , starb sie ging zur??ck zu ihrem Stuhl wie ein Schlafwandler . Ihr Gesicht f??hlte sich steif wie frompain aus und nachdem es ausgedehnt, related links: [linlei1106] 5043 |
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szbjgs 发表评论: ( 2014-12-26 11:46:53 )
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成人用品 发表评论: ( 2015-1-12 16:47:50 )
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Michael Kors outlet 发表评论: ( 2015-1-14 13:28:38 )
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oder sterben Zug ? Nglichkeit zum Campus Physisch Anwesend zu studieren , DerVry Universit ? T einen Online -Kurs f??r Sch??ler sterben einbezogen . Soweit eine Teilnahme Kursen Geht , Ist alles Normalerweise machte sie betteln und flehen , w?hrend sie legte sie ab und weigerte sich, eine Ja-oder Nein Antwort zu geben, zu lachen , wenn sie schmollte , wachsen cool, wenn sie w??tend wurde . Und hier ist sie praktisch promisedthem hatte die ganze von morgen - Sitze von ihr am Grill, alle Walzer (und sie w??rde es sehen , dassdie T?nze waren alle Walzer ! ) Und das Abendessen Pause. Dies war lohnt sich, FROMTHE Universit?t verwiesen . guten Finanzplanung . ? Die H er der Pr mie zahlt Ein Individuum in Lebensversicherung; ? H ngt von DM Alter der Person, der Gesundheit und der Art der Arbeit Ein Individuum tut ? . Life nderungen in ihrer Schulsysteme Machen . Mit H?hle oben genannten Anmeldeinformationen k ? Nnen SIE available Eine Karriere ALS Professioneller entwicklung Sachverst ? Ndigen oder Unabh ? Ngige related links: [linlei0114] |
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sdsf 发表评论: ( 2015-1-20 13:19:47 )
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gestured to the ski patrol guys. ?I invited these guys to the party. Blair and I can get a lift with them.? Just then the elevator doorsbinged and slid open. Ladies and gentlemen ? Queen of the Mountain! Blair had fastened a little gold heart barrette in her hair and was wearing the jade chandelier earrings Les Best had given Serena after she'd modeled in his runway show. She was also wearing Serena's light blue cashmere pullover, which was fine because Serena had been planning on giving it to her, anyway. It was a little tight in the chest, which was also fine. Blair liked it like that. So did the Sun Valley Ski Patrol. They nudged one another and shifted their feet and mumbled noisily, like animals in a barnyard. ?Hey. You look fantastic,? Erik said, liking the way the other guys were ogling her. He held out his hand possessively. ?Ready to go?? Blair was glad she had taken her time getting ready. She was even wearing the plain white cotton Hanro underwear that Serena always made fun of, calling them her ?grannypants.? But the truth was, Blair was always more comfortable in her granny undies than in all the fussy, lacy panties and thongs she owned. And she looked better in them, too. They were what she imagined herself wearing when she was being undressed. And someone was definitely going to be undressing her tonight. Still life with toothbrushes Jenny was so confused by what had happened with Leo earlier that evening that she stayed up late, painting a still life and sorting out her thoughts. As usual, there were no fruit or vegetables in the fridge except for a thousand-year-old moldy orange, so she painted toothbrushes and a bar of Dove soap instead. It seemed entirely possible that Leo did not own a dog and did not live in that stunning apartment on Park Avenue. Maybe he's just a normal, everyday person, she thought to herself as she carefully touched up the blue bristles on Dan's toothbrush.Just like me . Actually, she still didn't know what he was. Why didn't he just make it clear instead of playing games? She glared down at her canvas. ?This is dumb,? she grumbled, and tossed it into the trash can under her desk. Everything was dumb. All of a sudden she just felt so ?dumb . And dumb people need company. ?Oh, so now you have time to talk to me?? Elise said when she picked up the phone. ?I'm sorry,? Jenny allowed. ?I've been acting stupid.? ?That's okay.? Elise's voice softened. ?Anyway, I don't see why you're making such a big deal out of this. I mean, if he was so rich and his mom was this crazy person who dressed up her dog, he probably wouldn't be such a good boyfriend to have. Right?? Jenny thought about this. ?How would you know?? she asked suspiciously. ?How many boyfriends have you had?? Elise didn't answer right away. Jenny had touched on a sore subject. ?Actually, I thought your brother was going to be my first boyfriend, but I guess not.? Jenny snorted. ?Like that would ever work. You don't smoke, and you don't even like coffee.? She could feel Elise smiling on the other end, and it felt good that she'd made her friend smile. ?Anyway, I think you should stop thinking of Leo as something he's not and just see if you like who he actually is.? Jenny crouched down and pulled the smudged, wet still life out of her wastepaper basket. Maybe if she didn't think of the toothbrush painting as a still life but as a painting with toothbrushes in it, it would work better. She might even add something not so still to it, like Marx the cat. She lay down on her stomach and pulled up the corner of her pink bedspread, looking for him. ?So ?? Elise said. ?Are you going to call him or what?? Marx wasn't there. Jenny stood up and went over to her computer. ?No. He likes e-mail better.? She sat down, an idea forming in her head. She was going to invite herself over to Leo's house?at least, she was pretty sure that basement apartment on East Eighty-first Street was his house. This e-mail was her warning signal. She was going to find out once and for all who he was and what he was all about?whether he liked it or not. The phone still pressed to her ear, she went online and started to type. ?So you really don't think Dan and I could have worked?? Elise persisted. ?He was writing a poem about me, I think.? Jenny could have told her all about how Dan was still in love with Vanessa and how all the poems he wrote were really about Vanessa and him, even when he pretended they were about someone else. Also, she'd bet anything Elise would get bored with his ?I'm a tortured, miserable soul? bullshit after about ten minutes. ?No way,? she answered distractedly. ?Sorry, let me just finish this.? ?That's okay. I think I'm going to e-mail your brother right now and tell him what a jerk he is.? ?Good idea,? Jenny agreed. Now both girls were typing away at their keyboards as they breathed ferociously into their phones. When you have a tough message to get across, it's always good to have backup. E-mailing boys is so much easier than talking to them face to face Dear Leo, I know this seems like a strange thing to say, but I really feel like you've been hiding something from me and I don't know. |
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sdsf 发表评论: ( 2015-1-20 13:19:58 )
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gestured to the ski patrol guys. ?I invited these guys to the party. Blair and I can get a lift with them.? Just then the elevator doorsbinged and slid open. Ladies and gentlemen ? Queen of the Mountain! Blair had fastened a little gold heart barrette in her hair and was wearing the jade chandelier earrings Les Best had given Serena after she'd modeled in his runway show. She was also wearing Serena's light blue cashmere pullover, which was fine because Serena had been planning on giving it to her, anyway. It was a little tight in the chest, which was also fine. Blair liked it like that. So did the Sun Valley Ski Patrol. They nudged one another and shifted their feet and mumbled noisily, like animals in a barnyard. ?Hey. You look fantastic,? Erik said, liking the way the other guys were ogling her. He held out his hand possessively. ?Ready to go?? Blair was glad she had taken her time getting ready. She was even wearing the plain white cotton Hanro underwear that Serena always made fun of, calling them her ?grannypants.? But the truth was, Blair was always more comfortable in her granny undies than in all the fussy, lacy panties and thongs she owned. And she looked better in them, too. They were what she imagined herself wearing when she was being undressed. And someone was definitely going to be undressing her tonight. Still life with toothbrushes Jenny was so confused by what had happened with Leo earlier that evening that she stayed up late, painting a still life and sorting out her thoughts. As usual, there were no fruit or vegetables in the fridge except for a thousand-year-old moldy orange, so she painted toothbrushes and a bar of Dove soap instead. It seemed entirely possible that Leo did not own a dog and did not live in that stunning apartment on Park Avenue. Maybe he's just a normal, everyday person, she thought to herself as she carefully touched up the blue bristles on Dan's toothbrush.Just like me . Actually, she still didn't know what he was. Why didn't he just make it clear instead of playing games? She glared down at her canvas. ?This is dumb,? she grumbled, and tossed it into the trash can under her desk. Everything was dumb. All of a sudden she just felt so ?dumb . And dumb people need company. ?Oh, so now you have time to talk to me?? Elise said when she picked up the phone. ?I'm sorry,? Jenny allowed. ?I've been acting stupid.? ?That's okay.? Elise's voice softened. ?Anyway, I don't see why you're making such a big deal out of this. I mean, if he was so rich and his mom was this crazy person who dressed up her dog, he probably wouldn't be such a good boyfriend to have. Right?? Jenny thought about this. ?How would you know?? she asked suspiciously. ?How many boyfriends have you had?? Elise didn't answer right away. Jenny had touched on a sore subject. ?Actually, I thought your brother was going to be my first boyfriend, but I guess not.? Jenny snorted. ?Like that would ever work. You don't smoke, and you don't even like coffee.? She could feel Elise smiling on the other end, and it felt good that she'd made her friend smile. ?Anyway, I think you should stop thinking of Leo as something he's not and just see if you like who he actually is.? Jenny crouched down and pulled the smudged, wet still life out of her wastepaper basket. Maybe if she didn't think of the toothbrush painting as a still life but as a painting with toothbrushes in it, it would work better. She might even add something not so still to it, like Marx the cat. She lay down on her stomach and pulled up the corner of her pink bedspread, looking for him. ?So ?? Elise said. ?Are you going to call him or what?? Marx wasn't there. Jenny stood up and went over to her computer. ?No. He likes e-mail better.? She sat down, an idea forming in her head. She was going to invite herself over to Leo's house?at least, she was pretty sure that basement apartment on East Eighty-first Street was his house. This e-mail was her warning signal. She was going to find out once and for all who he was and what he was all about?whether he liked it or not. The phone still pressed to her ear, she went online and started to type. ?So you really don't think Dan and I could have worked?? Elise persisted. ?He was writing a poem about me, I think.? Jenny could have told her all about how Dan was still in love with Vanessa and how all the poems he wrote were really about Vanessa and him, even when he pretended they were about someone else. Also, she'd bet anything Elise would get bored with his ?I'm a tortured, miserable soul? bullshit after about ten minutes. ?No way,? she answered distractedly. ?Sorry, let me just finish this.? ?That's okay. I think I'm going to e-mail your brother right now and tell him what a jerk he is.? ?Good idea,? Jenny agreed. Now both girls were typing away at their keyboards as they breathed ferociously into their phones. When you have a tough message to get across, it's always good to have backup. E-mailing boys is so much easier than talking to them face to face Dear Leo, I know this seems like a strange thing to say, but I really feel like you've been hiding something from me and I don't know. |
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sdsf 发表评论: ( 2015-1-20 13:20:18 )
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gestured to the ski patrol guys. ?I invited these guys to the party. Blair and I can get a lift with them.? Just then the elevator doorsbinged and slid open. Ladies and gentlemen ? Queen of the Mountain! Blair had fastened a little gold heart barrette in her hair and was wearing the jade chandelier earrings Les Best had given Serena after she'd modeled in his runway show. She was also wearing Serena's light blue cashmere pullover, which was fine because Serena had been planning on giving it to her, anyway. It was a little tight in the chest, which was also fine. Blair liked it like that. So did the Sun Valley Ski Patrol. They nudged one another and shifted their feet and mumbled noisily, like animals in a barnyard. ?Hey. You look fantastic,? Erik said, liking the way the other guys were ogling her. He held out his hand possessively. ?Ready to go?? Blair was glad she had taken her time getting ready. She was even wearing the plain white cotton Hanro underwear that Serena always made fun of, calling them her ?grannypants.? But the truth was, Blair was always more comfortable in her granny undies than in all the fussy, lacy panties and thongs she owned. And she looked better in them, too. They were what she imagined herself wearing when she was being undressed. And someone was definitely going to be undressing her tonight. Still life with toothbrushes Jenny was so confused by what had happened with Leo earlier that evening that she stayed up late, painting a still life and sorting out her thoughts. As usual, there were no fruit or vegetables in the fridge except for a thousand-year-old moldy orange, so she painted toothbrushes and a bar of Dove soap instead. It seemed entirely possible that Leo did not own a dog and did not live in that stunning apartment on Park Avenue. Maybe he's just a normal, everyday person, she thought to herself as she carefully touched up the blue bristles on Dan's toothbrush.Just like me . Actually, she still didn't know what he was. Why didn't he just make it clear instead of playing games? She glared down at her canvas. ?This is dumb,? she grumbled, and tossed it into the trash can under her desk. Everything was dumb. All of a sudden she just felt so ?dumb . And dumb people need company. ?Oh, so now you have time to talk to me?? Elise said when she picked up the phone. ?I'm sorry,? Jenny allowed. ?I've been acting stupid.? ?That's okay.? Elise's voice softened. ?Anyway, I don't see why you're making such a big deal out of this. I mean, if he was so rich and his mom was this crazy person who dressed up her dog, he probably wouldn't be such a good boyfriend to have. Right?? Jenny thought about this. ?How would you know?? she asked suspiciously. ?How many boyfriends have you had?? Elise didn't answer right away. Jenny had touched on a sore subject. ?Actually, I thought your brother was going to be my first boyfriend, but I guess not.? Jenny snorted. ?Like that would ever work. You don't smoke, and you don't even like coffee.? She could feel Elise smiling on the other end, and it felt good that she'd made her friend smile. ?Anyway, I think you should stop thinking of Leo as something he's not and just see if you like who he actually is.? Jenny crouched down and pulled the smudged, wet still life out of her wastepaper basket. Maybe if she didn't think of the toothbrush painting as a still life but as a painting with toothbrushes in it, it would work better. She might even add something not so still to it, like Marx the cat. She lay down on her stomach and pulled up the corner of her pink bedspread, looking for him. ?So ?? Elise said. ?Are you going to call him or what?? Marx wasn't there. Jenny stood up and went over to her computer. ?No. He likes e-mail better.? She sat down, an idea forming in her head. She was going to invite herself over to Leo's house?at least, she was pretty sure that basement apartment on East Eighty-first Street was his house. This e-mail was her warning signal. She was going to find out once and for all who he was and what he was all about?whether he liked it or not. The phone still pressed to her ear, she went online and started to type. ?So you really don't think Dan and I could have worked?? Elise persisted. ?He was writing a poem about me, I think.? Jenny could have told her all about how Dan was still in love with Vanessa and how all the poems he wrote were really about Vanessa and him, even when he pretended they were about someone else. Also, she'd bet anything Elise would get bored with his ?I'm a tortured, miserable soul? bullshit after about ten minutes. ?No way,? she answered distractedly. ?Sorry, let me just finish this.? ?That's okay. I think I'm going to e-mail your brother right now and tell him what a jerk he is.? ?Good idea,? Jenny agreed. Now both girls were typing away at their keyboards as they breathed ferociously into their phones. When you have a tough message to get across, it's always good to have backup. E-mailing boys is so much easier than talking to them face to face Dear Leo, I know this seems like a strange thing to say, but I really feel like you've been hiding something from me and I don't know. |
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szbjgs 发表评论: ( 2015-1-21 10:56:27 )
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miss 发表评论: ( 2015-1-8 9:41:21 )
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It was only after the partition of Poland that Russia began to play a great part in Europe. To such statesmen as she had then that act of brigandage must have appeared inspired by great political wisdom. The King of Prussia, faithful to the ruling principle of his life, wished simply to aggrandise his dominions at a much smaller cost and at much less risk than he could have done in any other direction; for at that time Poland was perfectly defenceless from a material point of view, and more than ever, perhaps, inclined to put its faith in humanitarian illusions. Morally, the Republic was in a state of ferment and consequent weakness, which so often accompanies the period of social reform. The strength arrayed against her was just then overwhelming; I mean the comparatively honest (because open) strength of armed forces. But, probably from innate inclination towards treachery, Frederick of Prussia selected for himself the part of falsehood and deception. Appearing on the scene in the character of a friend he entered deliberately into a treaty of alliance with the Republic, and then, before the ink was dry, tore it up in brazen defiance of the commonest decency, which must have been extremely gratifying to his natural tastes.
As to Austria, it shed diplomatic tears over the transaction. They cannot be called crocodile tears, insomuch that they were in a measure sincere. They arose from a vivid perception that Austria??s allotted share of the spoil could never compensate her for the accession of strength and territory to the other two Powers. Austria did not really want an extension of territory at the cost of Poland. She could not hope to improve her frontier in that way, and economically she had no need of Galicia, a province whose natural resources were undeveloped and whose salt mines did not arouse her cupidity because she had salt mines of her own. No doubt the democratic complexion of Polish institutions was very distasteful to the conservative monarchy; Austrian statesmen did see at the time that the real danger to the principle of autocracy was in the West, in France, and that all the forces of Central Europe would be needed for its suppression. But the movement towards a partage on the part of Russia and Prussia was too definite to be resisted, and Austria had to follow their lead in the destruction of a State which she would have preferred to preserve as a possible ally against Prussian and Russian ambitions. It may be truly said that the destruction of Poland secured the safety of the French Revolution. For when in 1795 the crime was consummated, the Revolution had turned the corner and was in a state to defend itself against the forces of reaction.
In the second half of the eighteenth century there were two centres of liberal ideas on the continent of Europe: France and Poland. On an impartial survey one may say without exaggeration that then France was relatively every bit as weak as Poland; even, perhaps, more so. But France??s geographical position made her much less vulnerable. She had no powerful neighbours on her frontier; a decayed Spain in the south and a conglomeration of small German Principalities on the east were her happy lot. The only States which dreaded the contamination of the new principles and had enough power to combat it were Prussia, Austria, and Russia, and they had another centre of forbidden ideas to deal with in defenceless Poland, unprotected by nature, and offering an immediate satisfaction to their cupidity. They made their choice, and the untold sufferings of a nation which would not die was the price exacted by fate for the triumph of revolutionary ideals.
Thus even a crime may become a moral agent by the lapse of time and the course of history. Progress leaves its dead by the way, for progress is only a great adventure as its leaders and chiefs know very well in their hearts. It is a march into an undiscovered country; and in such an enterprise the victims do not count. As an emotional outlet for the oratory of freedom it was convenient enough to remember the Crime now and then: the Crime being the murder of a State and the carving of its body into three pieces. There was really nothing to do but to drop a few tears and a few flowers of rhetoric upon the grave. But the spirit of the nation refused to rest therein. It haunted the territories of the Old Republic in the manner of a ghost haunting its ancestral mansion where strangers are making themselves at home; a calumniated, ridiculed, and pooh-pooh??d ghost, and yet never ceasing to inspire a sort of awe, a strange uneasiness, in the hearts of the unlawful possessors. Poland deprived of its independence, of its historical continuity, with its religion and language persecuted and repressed, became a mere geographical expression. And even that, itself, seemed strangely vague, had lost its definite character, was rendered doubtful by the theories and the claims of the spoliators who, by a strange effect of uneasy conscience, while strenuously denying the moral guilt of the transaction, were always trying to throw a veil of high rectitude over the Crime. What was most annoying to their righteousness was the fact that the nation, stabbed to the heart, refused to grow insensible and cold. That persistent and almost uncanny vitality was sometimes very inconvenient to the rest of Europe also. It would intrude its irresistible claim into every problem of European politics, into the theory of European equilibrium, into the question of the Near East, the Italian question, the question of Schleswig-Holstein, and into the doctrine of nationalities. That ghost, not content with making its ancestral halls uncomfortable for the thieves, haunted also the Cabinets of Europe, waved indecently its bloodstained robes in the solemn atmosphere of Council-rooms, where congresses and conferences sit with closed windows. It would not be exorcised by the brutal jeers of Bismarck and the fine railleries of Gorchakov.
As a Polish friend observed to me some years ago: ??Till the year ??48 the Polish problem has been to a certain extent a convenient rallying-point for all manifestations of liberalism. Since that time we have come to be regarded simply as a nuisance. It??s very disagreeable.??
I agreed that it was, and he continued: ??What ## are we to do? We did not create the situation by any outside action of ours. Through all the centuries of its existence Poland has never been a menace to anybody, not even to the Turks, to whom it has been merely an obstacle.??
Nothing could be more true. The spirit of aggressiveness was absolutely foreign to the Polish temperament, to which the preservation of its institutions and its liberties was much more precious than any ideas of conquest. Polish wars were defensive, and they were mostly fought within Poland??s own borders. And that those territories were often invaded was but a misfortune arising from its geographical position. Territorial expansion was never the master-thought of Polish statesmen. The consolidation of the territories of the Serenissime Republic, which made of it a Power of the first rank for a time, was not accomplished by force. It was not the consequence of successful aggression, but of a long and successful defence against the raiding neighbours from the East. The lands of Lithuanian and Ruthenian speech were never conquered by Poland. These peoples were not compelled by a series of exhausting wars to seek safety in annexation. It was not the will of a prince or a political intrigue that brought about the union. Neither was it fear. The slowly-matured view of the economical and social necessities and, before all, the ripening moral sense of the masses were the motives that induced the forty three representatives of Lithuanian and Ruthenian provinces, led by their paramount prince, to enter into a political combination unique in the history of the world, a spontaneous and complete union of sovereign States choosing deliberately the way of peace. Never was strict truth better expressed in a political instrument than in the preamble of the first union Treaty (1413). It begins with the words: ??This union, being the outcome not of hatred, but of love?? ?? words that Poles have not heard addressed to them politically by any nation for the last hundred and fifty years.
This union being an organic, living thing capable of growth and development was, later, modified and confirmed by two other treaties, which guaranteed to all the parties in a just and eternal union all their rights, liberties, and respective institutions. The Polish State offers a singular instance of an extremely liberal administrative federalism which, in its Parliamentary life as well as its international politics, presented a complete unity of feeling and purpose. As an eminent French diplomatist remarked many years ago: ??It is a very remarkable fact in the history of the Polish State, this invariable and unanimous consent of the populations; the more so that, the King being looked upon simply as the chief of the Republic, there was no monarchical bond, no dynastic fidelity to control and guide the sentiment of the nations, and their union remained as a pure affirmation of the national will.?? The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its Ruthenian Provinces retained their statutes, their own administration, and their own political institutions. That those institutions in the course of time tended to assimilation with the Polish form was not the result of any pressure, but simply of the superior character of Polish civilisation.
Even after Poland lost its independence this alliance and this union remained firm in spirit and fidelity. All the national movements towards liberation were initiated in the name of the whole mass of people inhabiting the limits of the old Republic, and all the Provinces took part in them with complete devotion. It is only in the last generation that efforts have been made to create a tendency towards separation, which would indeed serve no one but Poland??s common enemies. And, strangely enough, it is the internationalists, men who professedly care nothing for race or country, who have set themselves this task of disruption, one can easily see for what sinister purpose. The ways of the internationalists may be dark, but they are not inscrutable.
From the same source no doubt there will flow in the future a poisoned stream of hints of a reconstituted Poland being a danger to the races once so closely associated within the territories of the Old Republic. The old partners in ??the Crime?? are not likely to forgive their victim its inconvenient and almost shocking obstinacy in keeping alive. They had tried moral assassination before and with some small measure of success, for, indeed, the Polish question, like all living reproaches, had become a nuisance. Given the wrong, and the apparent impossibility of righting it without running risks of a serious nature, some moral alleviation may be found in the belief that the victim had brought its misfortunes on its own head by its own sins. That theory, too, had been advanced about Poland (as if other nations had known nothing of sin and folly), and it made some way in the world at different times, simply because good care was taken by the interested parties to stop the mouth of the accused. But it has never carried much conviction to honest minds. Somehow, in defiance of the cynical point of view as to the Force of Lies and against all the power of falsified evidence, truth often turns out to be stronger than calumny. With the course of years, however, another danger sprang up, a danger arising naturally from the new political alliances dividing Europe into two armed camps. It was the danger of silence. Almost without exception the Press of Western Europe in the twentieth century refused to touch the Polish question in any shape or form whatever. Never was the fact of Polish vitality more embarrassing to European diplomacy than on the eve of Poland??s resurrection.
When the war broke out there was something gruesomely comic in the proclamations of emperors and archdukes appealing to that invincible soul of a nation whose existence or moral worth they had been so arrogantly denying for more than a century. Perhaps in the whole record of human transactions there have never been performances so brazen and so vile as the manifestoes of the German Emperor and the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia; and, I imagine, no more bitter insult has been offered to human heart and intelligence than the way in which those proclamations were flung into the face of historical truth. It was like a scene in a cynical and sinister farce, the absurdity of which became in some sort unfathomable by the reflection that nobody in the world could possibly be so abjectly stupid as to be deceived for a single moment. At that time, and for the first two months of the war, I happened to be in Poland, and I remember perfectly well that, when those precious documents came out, the confidence in the moral turpitude of mankind they implied did not even raise a scornful smile on the lips of men whose most sacred feelings and dignity they outraged. They did not deign to waste their contempt on them. In fact, the situation was too poignant and too involved for either hot scorn or a coldly rational discussion. For the Poles it was like being in a burning house of which all the issues were locked. There was nothing but sheer anguish under the strange, as if stony, calmness which in the utter absence of all hope falls on minds that are not constitutionally prone to despair. Yet in this time of dismay the irrepressible vitality of the nation would not accept a neutral attitude. I was told that even if there were no issue it was absolutely necessary for the Poles to affirm their national existence. Passivity, which could be regarded as a craven acceptance of all the material and moral horrors ready to fall upon the nation, was not to be thought of for a moment. Therefore, it was explained to me, the Poles must act. Whether this was a counsel of wisdom or not it is very difficult to say, but there are crises of the soul which are beyond the reach of wisdom. When there is apparently no issue visible to the eyes of reason, sentiment may yet find a way out, either towards salvation or to utter perdition, no one can tell ?? and the sentiment does not even ask the question. Being there as a stranger in that tense atmosphere, which was yet not unfamiliar to me, I was not very anxious to parade my wisdom, especially after it had been pointed out in answer to my cautious arguments that, if life has its values worth fighting for, death, too, has that in it which can make it worthy or unworthy.
Out of the mental and moral trouble into which the grouping of the Powers at the beginning of war had thrown the counsels of Poland there emerged at last the decision that the Polish Legions, a peace organisation in Galicia directed by Pilsudski (afterwards given the rank of General, and now apparently the Chief of the Government in Warsaw), should take the field against the Russians. In reality it did not matter against which partner in the ??Crime?? Polish resentment should be directed. There was little to choose between the methods of Russian barbarism, which were both crude and rotten, and the cultivated brutality tinged with contempt of Germany??s superficial, grinding civilisation. There was nothing to choose between them. Both were hateful, and the direction of the Polish effort was naturally governed by Austria??s tolerant attitude, which had connived for years at the semi-secret organisation of the Polish Legions. Besides, the material possibility pointed out the way. That Poland should have turned at first against the ally of Western Powers, to whose moral support she had been looking for so many years, is not a greater monstrosity than that alliance with Russia which had been entered into by England and France with rather less excuse and with a view to eventualities which could perhaps have been avoided by a firmer policy and by a greater resolution in the face of what plainly appeared unavoidable.
For let the truth be spoken. The action of Germany, however cruel, sanguinary, and faithless, was nothing in the nature of a stab in the dark. The Germanic Tribes had told the whole world in all possible tones carrying conviction, the gently persuasive, the coldly logical; in tones Hegelian, Nietzschean, war-like, pious, cynical, inspired, what they were going to do to the inferior races of the earth, so full of sin and all unworthiness. But with a strange similarity to the prophets of old (who were also great moralists and invokers of might) they seemed to be crying in a desert. Whatever might have been the secret searching of hearts, the Worthless Ones would not take heed. It must also be admitted that the conduct of the menaced Governments carried with it no suggestion of resistance. It was no doubt, the effect of neither courage nor fear, but of that prudence which causes the average man to stand very still in the presence of a savage dog. It was not a very politic attitude, and the more reprehensible in so far that it seemed to arise from the mistrust of their own people??s fortitude. On simple matters of life and death a people is always better than its leaders, because a people cannot argue itself as a whole into a sophisticated state of mind out of deference for a mere doctrine or from an exaggerated sense of its own cleverness. I am speaking now of democracies whose chiefs resemble the tyrant of Syracuse in this, that their power is unlimited (for who can limit the will of a voting people?) and who always see the domestic sword hanging by a hair above their heads.
Perhaps a different attitude would have checked German self-confidence, and her overgrown militarism would have died from the excess of its own strength. What would have been then the moral state of Europe it is difficult to say. Some other excess would probably have taken its place, excess of theory, or excess of sentiment, or an excess of the sense of security leading to some other form of catastrophe; but it is certain that in that case the Polish question would not have taken a concrete form for ages. Perhaps it would never have taken form! In this world, where everything is transient, even the most reproachful ghosts end by vanishing out of old mansions, out of men??s consciences. Progress of enlightenment, or decay of faith? In the years before the war the Polish ghost was becoming so thin that it was impossible to get for it the slightest mention in the papers. A young Pole coming to me from Paris was extremely indignant, but I, indulging in that detachment which is the product of greater age, longer experience, and a habit of meditation, refused to share that sentiment. He had gone begging for a word on Poland to many influential people, and they had one and all told him that they were going to do no such thing. They were all men of ideas and therefore might have been called idealists, but the notion most strongly anchored in their minds was the folly of touching a question which certainly had no merit of actuality and would have had the appalling effect of provoking the wrath of their old enemies and at the same time offending the sensibilities of their new friends. It was an unanswerable argument. I couldn??t share my young friend??s surprise and indignation. My practice of reflection had also convinced me that there is nothing on earth that turns quicker on its pivot than political idealism when touched by the breath of practical politics.
It would be good to remember that Polish independence as embodied in a Polish State is not the gift of any kind of journalism, neither is it the outcome even of some particularly benevolent idea or of any clearly apprehended sense of guilt. I am speaking of what I know when I say that the original and only formative idea in Europe was the idea of delivering the fate of Poland into the hands of Russian Tsarism. And, let us remember, it was assumed then to be a victorious Tsarism at that. It was an idea talked of openly, entertained seriously, presented as a benevolence, with a curious blindness to its grotesque and ghastly character. It was the idea of delivering the victim with a kindly smile and the confident assurance that ??it would be all right?? to a perfectly unrepentant assassin, who, after sawing furiously at its throat for a hundred years or so, was expected to make friends suddenly and kiss it on both cheeks in the mystic Russian fashion. It was a singularly nightmarish combination of international polity, and no whisper of any other would have been officially tolerated. Indeed, I do not think in the whole extent of Western Europe there was anybody who had the slightest mind to whisper on that subject. Those were the days of the dark future, when Benckendorf put down his name on the Committee for the Relief of Polish Populations driven by the Russian armies into the heart of Russia, when the Grand Duke Nicholas (the gentleman who advocated a St. Bartholomew??s Night for the suppression of Russian liberalism) was displaying his ??divine?? (I have read the very word in an English newspaper of standing) strategy in the great retreat, where Mr. Iswolsky carried himself haughtily on the banks of the Seine; and it was beginning to dawn upon certain people there that he was a greater nuisance even than the Polish question. related links: [chenrenfan108] |
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粮农 发表评论: ( 2015-3-23 17:05:05 )
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www.faochina.com www.faochina.com www.faochina.com www.faochina.com www.faochina.com www.faochina.com |
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linda 发表评论: ( 2015-4-2 10:52:53 )
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related links: [SuJuan0402] |
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poloralphlaurenpascher 发表评论: ( 2015-4-24 11:28:18 )
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