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| 试论证人拒证的原因和对策【黎亚薇/周明】 |
| 2009-4-1 |
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“凡是知道案件真实情况的人,都有作证的义务”,相反,没有特殊理由或原因而拒证,则应当受到惩罚。这是世界各国诉讼活动中一条通则。可以说,证人所具有的这种作证(尤其是出庭作证)的义务是保障诉讼程序得以顺利进行的前提,也是现代诉讼制度建立的基石。对此,我国的诉讼法也作了明确的规定:《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》第48条规定“凡是知道案件真实情况的人,都有作证的义务”,《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第70条也规定“凡是知道案件情况的单位和个人都有义务出庭作证”。然而在我国的司法实践中,由于程序规范疏漏、法律约束力不高等原因,致使证人拒绝作证或拒绝出庭作证等现象普遍存在。而这又增加了司法机关办案的难度,增加了法官查证的负担,影响了案件事实的认定,有碍于公正效率目标的实现。随着我国审判方式改革的全面展开和深入发展,证人作证,尤其是出庭作证作为坚持审判公开、强化庭审功能的关键环节,证人证言在诉讼中的地位和作用必将进一步突出。因此,研究证人拒绝作证或者拒绝出庭作证的原因,并有针对性的提出改进的措施与对策,也就具有非常重要的意义。
1 证人拒证的原因分析
诉讼不是孤立的客观存在。作为一种社会活动,它必然受到社会生活的其他方面的影响。同样,证人拒绝作证也不是孤立的存在,作为一种诉讼现象,它的产生必然存在各方面的原因。从我国目前的司法实践情况来看,导致证人拒证的原因主要有以下一些:
1.1 立法上的缺陷和疏漏是证人拒证的直接原因。
尽管我国有关的诉讼法规都明确规定了证人有作证的义务,但是在证人作证的相关配套措施和保障措施方面却非常缺乏,具体而言表现在以下一些方面:
(1)法律对证人是否必须出庭作证规定不明。我国《刑事诉讼法》第47条规定:“证人证言必须在法庭上经过公诉人、被害人和被告人、辩护人双方讯问、质证,听取各方证人的证言并且经过查实以后,才能作为定案的根据。”也就意味着证人必须出庭作证,并就有关证言经法定程序质证。可是《刑事诉讼法》第157条同时又规定:“对未出庭的证人的证言笔录和其他作证据的文书,应当当庭宣读,”法庭在听取控辩双方的意见后,仍然可以以此为定案的依据。这就事实上导致了司法部门可以依据第47条要求证人必须出庭作证,也可以依据第157条允许证人不出庭作证,只宣读证人证言笔录,两者均为合法有效。这种立法上的矛盾给了证人以选择的余地,既然出庭和不出庭都不违反法律,证人当然会选择更加简单的不出庭方式。
(2)法律对证人拒不出庭作证应承担何种法律责任规定不明。虽然刑事诉讼法第48条和民事诉讼法第70条都明确规定了证人有作证的义务,但是对于证人不履行作证义务却没有规定相应的惩戒措施。既然不作证或不出庭作证不会导致不利的后果,证人当然不愿出庭作证。
(3)法律对证人权利、义务的规定严重失衡。我国的诉讼法律往往对证人的义务都做了明确的规定,但对证人所应当享有的基本权利却往往没有加以规定,有的即使规定了也非常简单,不便于操作。例如,我国《刑事诉讼法》第98条规定:“询问证人,应当告知他应当如实地提供证据、证言和有意作伪证或者隐匿罪证要负的法律责任。”第156条规定:“证人作证,审判人员应当告知他要如实地提供证言和有意作伪证或者隐匿罪证要负的法律责任。”根据第161条的规定,证人还必须遵守法庭秩序,否则将予以警告、强行带出法庭、罚款、拘留直至追究刑事责任。与上述证人的种种义务的明确规定相比,我国《刑事诉讼法》对证人的权利却没有明确规定,像证人的出庭作证费用承担、证人及其近亲属的保护问题等,虽然规定了,却缺乏保护的具体措施和力度,缺乏可操作性。这种证人权利、义务失衡的法律现状,也客观上打击了证人出庭作证的积极性。
1.2 传统社会观念的影响,是证人拒证的重要原因
我国历史上儒家“和合”文化的影响是导致证人不愿出庭作证的深层次原因。在我国历史上,儒家学说一直是我国古代多数王朝占主导地位的政治哲学思想。儒家学说的核心是强调“礼”、“德”、“仁”,强调“和合”而不是对抗,强调妥协而不是争斗[2]。具体到证人与被告人之间的关系也是如此,特别当证人与被告人是同一工作单位、同一居住区或者有其他亲戚和熟人关系时。受这些意识和观念的影响,证人往往不愿意作证,更谈不上出庭作证了。这些意识和观念主要表现为:第一、耻讼。人们认为出庭作证是一种有失身份、不光彩的事情,明明知道案情却推辞没有看见或没听清楚而不愿作证,实在推托不了的,所作的证言也是模棱两可,马虎对待;第二、和讼。即认为万事和为贵,出庭作证会伤了彼此之间的和气,成为仇人而不愿出庭作证;第三、厌讼。证人以一种抵触对立态度对待司法机关和司法工作人员的诉讼行为。通常表现为,司法机关通知证人出庭,证人不予以理睬,要么故意回避躲藏,要么知情不举。
1.3 传统审判模式的影响,是证人不作证或不出庭作证的客观原因
我国1979年《刑事诉讼法》和现行《民事诉讼法》虽然都规定了证人有出庭作证的义务,而且证人证言必须在法庭上经过控辩双方质证,听取各方证人的证言并经过查实以后,才能作为定案的根据。但是在司法实践中,我国的司法制度事实上受大陆法传统的影响,长期以来坚持职权主义的诉讼模式,法官过多地介入庭审前地证据的调查,因此很容易导致预先判断和先入为主,使得庭审流于形式,庭审功能自然而然被弱化。以刑事案件审理为例,审判人员对于人民检察院提起公诉的案件一般要经过审查,认为“案件事实清楚,证据充分的”才能决定开庭审理。既然案件事实清楚,证据已经被认定“充分”,证人是否出庭作证也就意义不大。所以,一般的做法是收集、审查证人证言都在庭外进行,只在法庭上宣读证人证言笔录,极少传唤证人出庭陈述证言并对证言进行质证。即使传唤证人到庭作证,也往往只限于那些事实不清楚、证据不充分、案情比较复杂的案件。修改后的《刑事诉讼法》对审判方式作了重大改革,强调控辩双方的平等对抗,法官居中裁判。但对证人作证的方式和质证的要求却无新的变化,审判实践中依然沿袭证人不出庭的旧习,这也导致证人证言在诉讼中应有的功能没有得到充分发挥。
1.4 公民社会法律意识淡薄,法制观念不强,是证人拒证的内在原因
证人主观上不愿作证是证人拒证的内在原因,而这又是由多方面因素造成的:其一、我国长期以来是一个人情社会,老百姓法治观念比较淡薄,缺乏配合司法机关实施法律的观念和意识;其二、近年来,随着市场经济观念的深入,公民的自我意识和个人权利意识增强的同时,只关心个人利益,漠视国家、集体和他人利益的思想也越来越严重,许多公民害怕犯罪分子的打击报复,缺乏同违法犯罪行为作斗争的精神和勇气;其三、当前,我国公民人均受教育程度还比较低,有些证人缺少在公开场所讲话的经历,怕见“官”,这也是导致证人不愿作证或不愿出庭作证的一个重要原因。
毫无疑问,证人拒不作证或者拒不出庭作证严重损害了法律的尊严和司法机关的权威,而且使得审判人员无法通过当庭质证判断证言的真伪、查明案件事实,既影响了办案质量,也不利于提高诉讼效率。
2 解决证人拒证的对策思考
前面我们分析了导致拒证的原因,可以发现证人拒证的原因是多方面的,既有历史的也有现实的,既有主观的也有客观的,因此要解决这一问题也将是一项长期而复杂的系统工程。具体而言,笔者认为应当从以下一些方面着手来解决这一问题:
2.1 明确证人有作证义务的同时,应明确对证人拒证行为的惩处
英国的刑事诉讼法规定:“证人拒绝作证的,可以按照藐视法庭罪,处一个月以下监禁或者20镑罚金。”“这里的藐视法庭罪主要是指在审判过程中或即将审判之前用言语或行动当面藐视法庭,——它包括证人拒绝宣誓或回答合法提问等。”[3]德国刑事诉讼法第51条规定,依法传唤而不到的证人要承担由于应传不到的费用。对他同时还要科处秩序罚款和不能缴纳时易科秩序拘留。对证人也准许强制拘传;在再次应传不到的情况下,可以再一次科处秩序处罚[4]。日本刑事诉讼法第160条、第161条根据证人拒绝提供证言情节之轻重,分别规定了应承担的经济责任与刑事责任:其第160条规定“证人没有正当理由而拒绝宣誓作证时,可裁定10万元以下的罚锾,并责令其赔偿因拒证而产生的费用负担。”其第161条规定“没有正当理由而拒绝宣誓,或者拒绝提供证言的,处10万元以下的罚金或者拘留。犯前款罪的可以根据情节并处罚金和拘留。”[5]
通过上述国家之相关法律规定,我们可以发现,对拒证行为进行惩戒,追究拒证行为人的刑事责任,也是世界各国的一种惯例,完全可以为我国所借鉴。当然,在设定对证人拒证行为进行惩戒的具体方式上应当结合我国的实际情况。
2.2 在强化证人作证义务的同时,对证人所享有的基本权利应予明确规定,使证人的权利义务相一致
一般来讲,在诉讼中,证人所应当享有的权利主要是物质补偿请求权、安全保障请求权,另外根据我国诉讼法的规定,证人有权用本民族语言进行诉讼,证人有权按照自己知道的案件情况提供证言,不受任何机关、团体、单位和个人的干涉,在侦查期间,有权要求对自己的姓名保密和在整个诉讼阶段对自己报案、举报行为保密,对司法工作人员侵犯其诉讼权利和人身侮辱的行为,有权提出控告等等。当然,法律还应当明确规定这些权利行使的时间和行使的方式及保障措施。
2.3 确立特殊证人的拒证权
所谓特殊证人的拒证权事实上指的就是特定的证人,基于法律的规定而享有的拒绝作证的权利。这一项权利是我国刑事诉讼法目前没有涉及的。它其实是证人作证原则的一种例外,是当今绝大多数发达资本主义国家和地区的诉讼法律所规定证人的一项特殊权利。它是指特定的对象,即使是了解案件的真实情况,也有权拒绝向司法机关提供证言,并不需要因此而承担相应的法律责任;目前,在外国的证据法中,这种证人特权一般包括配偶、近亲属特权,反对被迫自我归罪特权、职业特权和公务特权等。它的设立主要是为了维护特殊社会关系和保护重大的社会利益,按照美国学者的观点认为:“社会希望通过保守秘密来促进改革某种关系,社会极度重视某些关系,宁愿为捍卫保守秘密的性质,甚至不惜失去与案件结局关系重大的情报。”[6]
不可否认,强化证人作证的义务,对证人拒证行为进行惩戒是世界各国通行的一种做法,但是同时不可忽视的就是对证人合法权益的保障。我们绝不能一味追求证人出庭作证的效率,而淡漠了与此相关联的社会关系的保护。因此,在强化证人作证义务的同时,关注和重视证人权益,加强与此相关联的社会关系的保护,实现利益和价值选择的均衡,才能够真正实现诉讼法律的目的。
2.4 贯彻直接、言词原则,完善证人出庭作证制度
直接、言词原则是大陆法系国家在刑事审判程序中的一项基本原则。在直接、言词原则的保障下,控辩双方均能获得提出证据并向对方证据质证的机会。除法律规定的特殊情况外,所有与案件有关的当事人、诉讼参与人均必须到庭,并在法庭上进行口头陈述。凡未经法庭以言词方式调查的证据,不可作为判决的依据。英美法系国家虽然没有确立直接、言词原则,但是设有与之相关的“传闻证据规则”(ruleagainsthearsay)。它和直接言词原则一样,也不承认证人在法庭外就案件事实所作的证言具有证据能力,无论这种证言是以书面方式还是以他人转述的方式在法庭上提出。
事实上,无论是直接言词原则还是传闻证据规则,其目的都是为了保证公正、公开的进行审判活动。我们认为一切实质性的、决定性的活动,只有在法庭上公开进行才有可能体现其公正性,也正基于此,必须确立直接言词原则,保障证人能够出庭作证。
2.5 加强对公民的法治观念的教育和引导,使公民能够自觉的履行法律所赋予的义务
任何一项法律制度的实施,如果得到社会成员的广泛认同,那么其实施起来必然更加有效。作为社会公民所具有的作证的义务也是如此。司法机关在不管是在诉讼活动的过程中,还是在非诉讼活动中,都应当加强对公民的法治观念的教育和引导,是公民认识到自觉履行这一义务的重要性和必要性。事实上,一些公民之所以不作证或不出庭作证,是因为他们没有认识到自己的行为在整个社会群体活动中的价值与意义,加之一些司法工作人员在取证态度粗暴,不注重方法,也从客观上影响了证人作证的积极性。所以,对全体社会成员(尤其是司法人员)进行正确的法治观念的教育和引导,对正确实施法律有着重要的意义。
总之,证人拒证现象的产生有其特定的原因,我们要正确认识这一现象的社会危害性,笔者以为,只有从根本上完善我国现有的诉讼法律制度,提高公民受教育的程度,培养公民的法律意识和社会公益意识才是解决证人拒证问题的最佳途径。
参考文献:
[1] 叶自强.民事证据研究[M].北京:法律出版社,1999.197.
[2] 樊崇义.刑事诉讼法实施问题与对策研究[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2001.448.
[3] (英)鲁珀特-克罗斯,菲利普-A-琼斯.英国刑法导论[M].北京:人民大学出版社,1991.296.
[4] 李昌珂译.德国刑事诉讼法典[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1995.2-13.
[5] 宋英辉译.日本刑事诉讼法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000.36.
[6] (美)乔恩·R·华尔兹.刑事证据大全[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1993.331. |
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张颖峰 发表评论: ( 2009-4-24 17:52:28 )
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KAWAI钢琴由日本河合乐器于1927年开始生产，是目前在数量上仅次于YAMAHA的世界第二大钢琴制造商，一共生产了250多万台钢琴，1991年和世界顶级的斯坦威钢琴合资偏向专业人士使用，常年来一直致力于钢琴制造新技术的开发，以更好地满足专业人士的需求！所以KAWAI钢琴越来越受到专业人士的推崇。KAWAI钢琴是世界名琴。在日本生产、使用的KAWAI钢琴的使用寿命在80到100年。有需要的朋友可以前来挑选，真诚的服务态度会让您满意。青岛最好的二手钢琴销售点！ |
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ruru 发表评论: ( 2010-10-5 16:06:32 )
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MILLER 发表评论: ( 2010-11-26 16:29:05 )
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私人教练培训 发表评论: ( 2011-1-17 15:44:19 )
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进入21世纪，全国的健身行业蓬勃发展，,健身房如雨后春笋般骤增，而健身管理人才还没能及时跟上市场发展的步伐，不能满足市场的需求，可以说是人才奇缺供不应求。全面提升自身能力，超强的市场竞争力，不会被淘汰的健身教练，,最实惠的培训费，具备学习所有单项班专业课程的资格（钢管舞除外）。为了让学员有序的掌握多种课程，我们做了以下学习步骤的安排：全能班专业分为必修课+主修课+辅修课修课：有氧操（Aerobics）、踏板（step）说明：提高身体的基本素质如：乐感、体能、协调性、节奏感、肌肉力量等，掌握作为教练应具备的教技能、授课巧，做到动作规范、手势标、口令到位，提升教学能力及舞台气质主修课：有氧舞蹈(AerobicDance)、爵士(Jazz)、瑜伽(Yoga)、肚皮舞(Belly)、拉丁(Latin)、街舞(Hip-hop)、私人（器械）教练. |
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斗破苍穹 发表评论: ( 2011-1-17 17:36:04 )
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是网络小说之最,并且一每天三四十万的搜索量排行百度热门搜索是网络小说的奇迹。被万千书迷期待,超过千万点击搜索排行第一长达近年,如今已经在百度搜索破亿是网络小说之最! |
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ADSF 发表评论: ( 2011-3-27 8:28:33 )
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ペニーオークション 发表评论: ( 2011-4-25 17:16:37 )
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GHD Hair Straighteners 发表评论: ( 2011-4-25 18:13:25 )
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GHD Hair Straighteners 发表评论: ( 2011-4-25 18:26:49 )
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Welcome to our ghd purchase store!We will long-term provide one of the most well-liked MBT Chapa ,MBT M.Walk,MBT actions as well as another mbt shoes!It will make the whole body stroll straightly, increase posture and promote blood vessels blood circulation and increase efficiency, accomplish conditioning breathing, MBT chapa gtx possess a range of color!There are black, red, gray and the like .You can meet with any outfits which you like. We ensure all of options at acceptable prices! basic certainly free shipping! 7-10 times delivery for the door! We will provide you with one of the most beneficial great service!
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Christian Louboutin 发表评论: ( 2011-5-11 22:04:23 )
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www 发表评论: ( 2011-5-25 22:35:57 )
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links of london 发表评论: ( 2011-5-27 12:56:59 )
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beats by monster 发表评论: ( 2011-5-29 12:11:40 )
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Monster Diddy Beats 发表评论: ( 2011-6-12 16:28:46 )
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coach outlet 发表评论: ( 2011-6-17 16:31:31 )
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Coach is kicking off their Guest Blogger Series with PurseBlog! In the beginning of September on the new Coach Madison collection. I wanted to integrate your votes and thoughts into my guest blogger article since your opinions matter both to us and Coach.With the Coach Sophia Satchel garnering the most votes, it ended up being the bag we are partnering with Coach to give away (make sure to enter our .As I shared in my guest blog, this collection has a bag for everyone and every item is completely wearable. From a bright pop of color to the embossed python look to added dimensionality from quilted leather, this Coach collection suits everyone.Thank you to for choosing me to be the first blogger for their new series!
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coach outlet online 发表评论: ( 2011-6-17 16:37:09 )
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We keep talking about spring trends in handbags, clearly there are many. We have
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and , and today I will tell you
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Christian louboutin sale 发表评论: ( 2011-6-17 17:16:06 )
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christian louboutin red shoes also is a symbol of the accident. At that time, his aides have to paint, he Kakuta red nail polish bottles, inconvenienced by the design sketch of his half of the picture, some. "That I was able to draw at random, right, mark your heart ... I'm an element of the United is it," he said. He said. None of his many customers, according to the man red shoes have a fatal attraction. |
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asd 发表评论: ( 2011-6-20 13:45:45 )
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beats by monster 发表评论: ( 2011-6-22 9:39:06 )
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huagui 发表评论: ( 2011-7-12 17:14:46 )
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huagui 发表评论: ( 2011-7-12 17:18:53 )
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好处多多 发表评论: ( 2011-7-20 13:46:33 )
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从今后的发展趋势看，第一类国家铜消费量已经基本趋于稳定，铜消费增长幅度较低，一般在1%一3%之间。
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发表评论: ( 2011-8-6 19:44:20 )
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